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Sunday, June 7, 2015

Movie Review: Tomorrowland and Mad Max: Fury Road

I'm sure others have noticed the supreme irony that these two movies happen to be out at the same time. If Tomorrowland is a product of 1960's optimism, Mad Max is a product of 1970's pessimism. Mad Max came out of the oil shortages of the 1970's and the birth of Neoliberalism; Tomorrowland out of the early 1960's oil glut and managerial capitalism. The 1964 Worlds Fair is an example of better living through technology brought to you by Monsanto and GM, the 1970's of oil embargoes brought to you by Arab sheiks and garbage piling up courtesy of striking garbagemen. Tomorrowland is quintessential American techno-optimism, Mad Max a shorthand for the worst possible dystopia.
So here we go.

TRIGGER WARNING: MAJOR SPOILERS AHEAD - I pretty much give away the entire plots of these movies, so if you care, you'll not want to read further. Still here? Okay, then, on we go:

That skyscraper looks an awful lot like Hubbert's Peak, doesn't it?
Tomorrowland

Tomorrowland is direced by Brad Bird from a script by Bird, Gene Roddenberry, Neil DeGrasse Tyson and R. Buckminster Fuller. Oops, sorry, I mean Lost's Damon Lindelof.

The "where's my jetpack"? theme of Tomorrowland is delivered with all the subtlety of a sledgehammer, because the entire opening sequence literally centers around a jetpack! The year is 1964, and young George Clooney, er--I mean, "Frank Walker," is taking the bus alone (where are his parents?) to the 1964 World's Fair in New York City to enter the young inventor contest. He presents his chrome plated Rocketeer-style jetpack to dour sourpuss Hugh Laurie, TV's House. House grimaces and scowls and diagnoses the boy's rare kidney disease - okay, he doesn't do that, but rejects his invention because it doesn't work. In flashback we see young George on the farm trying on the jetpack and it behaving like you would expect, it just drives him horizontally through a cornfield in a fun romp that would easily kill anyone if they actually tried it in real life. "Besides, what use is it?" harrumphs House frowning like the Grinch. "Can't it just be for fun?" smiles, young, puckish optimist George Clooney with a twinkle in his eye.

Just behind House is a young girl named Athena (goddess of wisdom, get it?) who we perceive to be his daughter. She takes a liking to young George's optimistic can-do attitude and hunts him down inside the park, handing him a special Tomorrowland pin. She tells him to follow her and her dad House into the "It's a Small World'" ride, which he does. Mercifully, we are spared the song.  Inside the ride, a trapdoor opens, and he's catapulted into a marvelous world of high-tech futurism only accessible to the ultra-elite few: Dubai.

Okay, it's not Dubai, it's the real Tomorrowland, a Grade-A, genetically modified, shiny high-tech Jetsons future on steroids and nootropics. It's filled with every sci-fi trope you can imagine - jetpacks, flying cars, monorails, robots, spaceships, skyscrapers with trees, although geodesic domes are conspicuously absent. Presumably it's all powered by nuclear power, or cold fusion, or zero-point energy, or algae, or Tinkerbell's tears, or something. A robot shows up and miraculously fixes young George's jetpack. With the jetpack now fixed by intelligent robots without him having to understand a thing, he straps it on and zips away to find Athena.

George, er, Frank, is accepted to be one of the elite scientists inside this - whatever it is - hidden compound, alternate dimension, space colony, theme park, drug trip. Considering his only qualification is a jetpack that didn't function, it seems like the recruiting criteria is rather biased. Whatever happens to his parents we're never told - is this where the missing children end up? Is Tomorrowland also using my missing socks? How Tomorrowland is funded we'll never know - is it funded by the military industrial complex? There's plenty to eat given that the entire city is surrounded by wheat fields out to the horizon - the future is apparently not gluten-free. The residents probably just all drink Soylent shakes anyway.

Unfortunately young George is in for a few grim surprises. His girlfriend is actually an android, a clear advance from Vicki the robot from the late 1980's sitcom Small Wonder, and unlike George Clooney, she stays 12 years old forever. This puts a crimp in their relationship, and not wanting to become a pederast, and with adult sex robots apparently outside the thinking of the squeaky-clean 1960's scientists of Tomorrowland, he is heartbroken (George apparently never gets a real wife or girlfriend and lives alone in his fifties- scientists are creepy).

Even worse, he invents a machine that uses tachyons - particles that travel faster than light so familiar to regular viewers of Star Trek the Next Generation - to build a machine that can see into the past. But more importantly, it can see into the future, and George sees the utter destruction of all life on earth - TEOTWAWKI in his machine. His requisite idealism shattered, George is banished from Tomorrowland for being Captain Bringdown (the effect on everyone else is unclear and pretty much ignored).

Apparently, when you leave Tomorrowland you draw a full pension, and George is able to live like a hermit and an old rickety, decrepit house in the middle of nowhere with no visible means of support, which is filled with high-tech booby traps including lasers, explosives, and a holographic guard dog. Evidently he can invent interdimensional portals but not better housing technology. There he spends his days alone in a room filled with video monitors doing nothing but watching the grim dystopia he predicted unfold before his eyes- hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanoes, melting glaciers, droughts, political turmoil, Duck Dynasty, FOX News, the Kardashians, etc. Geez, man, get a hobby. If I knew when the end of the world was coming I'd be living it up.

Enter our plucky young heroine Casey, played by Brittany Robertson (who manages to outshine Clooney - no mean feat). She lives in Cape Canaveral and is the daughter of NASA engineer Tim McGraw, who is busily designing the latest Martian rover with Randy Travis, Garth Brooks, and Kenny Chesney. Every once and awhile Clint Black stops in to consult on interplanetary physics. Okay, that doesn't happen, but Casey is very upset that they are dismantling the launch platform because, in McGraw's words, "Dreaming is hard and giving up is easy," or something like that which sounds like the title to one of his songs. I think I have that on a T-shirt somehwere. No mention of Republican budget cuts or Ted Cruz.

At school, her gloomy teachers drone on endlessly in Ben-Stein mode about how the world is going to sh*t and how we're all living in the political dystopias of Brave New World and 1984 (I'm guessing Florida school teachers are also the victims of budget cuts). Through every speech we see our heroine with her arm raised insistently waiting to be called upon and being stubbornly ignored. Finally, when a teacher does call on her, she issues this show-stopping mic-drop: "what is anyone doing about it?" This causes the teacher to hand her a copy of Overshoot by William Catton and The End of Growth by Richard Heinberg. No, that doesn't happen, instead her teacher stands there dumbfounded like a deer in healights, mouth agape like a fish pulled out of the water, apparently having never even thought of that! Take that, pessimists!!!

Young Casey attempts to sabotage the platform demolition with drones, and while doing that in real life would earn you a felony and at least ten years in a dark hole courtesy of Homeland Security, she is released the next day with a mysterious Tomorrowland pin among her belongings. Touching the pin takes her into Tomorrowland, but she is still spatially wherever she is, leading to some uncomfortable mishaps like slamming into walls and falling down stairs. Eventually she heads to a big open field and teleports herself to the great big, shiny, beautiful future.

Artist's rendering of Google's new headquarters.
There is a bravura sequence where people are flying around with jet packs (when they crash an inflatable suit saves them - really) and taking off into space as graduation presents. Everyone is fit and healthy, and the massive buildings are probably not filled with sick people trying to stay alive like ours are, and no one is running around in those scooters like in Wall-E (a much more realistic Disney depiction of the future). Curiously, there are no television screens either, and people aren't waking around mesmerized by their cell phones. Then again, they probably get everything through brain implants, anyway. This Tomorrowland is filled with people, which makes no sense given events later in the film (see below).

Finding another identical Tomorrowland pin for sale on eBay, Casey hops on the next bus to Houston (telling her dad she's "going camping"), where the collectable store advertising the pin is manned by killer robots, including one looking like a female hipster  with cats-eye glasses and another who looks like a Reggae dude. They threaten Casey with powerful energy weapons, proving that the people of Tomorrowland weren't just working on peaceful projects all this time (and ignored Asimov's rules of robotics to boot). Small Wonder girl from George Clooney's past shows up and rescues her  and they race off in a pickup truck to George's remote fortress of solitude. 

We are informed that Athena was built especially to recruit people for Tomorrowland, based on some sort of test score that we are never told the criteria for, but assumed to be a mix of raw intelligence, creativity and optimism, much like the recruitment for Google. In fact, I can imagine Google taking notes about this idea, since they seem to be intent on building an actual Tomorrowland here on earth whose geniuses will also be hermetically sealed off from reality. I'm sure someone is already pitching holographic pins and recruitment androids to Larry Page in Mountain View right now.

Grumpy George wants nothing to do with them and tells them to go away - he's busy watching FOX News and the Kardashians. Then some more evil androids who are dressed like the villains from the Matrix show up, and our threesome escape in a rocket-ship bathtub (don't ask). Now on the run, they somehow end up in Gustauve Eiffel's secret apartment inside the Eiffel Tower, where it is revealed that the Eiffel Tower was not an architectural marvel built for the 1889 World's Fair at all, but a radio transmitter for Nikola Tesla to contact other planets (WTF? Seriously!!!) Eiffel, Jules Verne, and mortal enemies Tesla and Edison were part of some ultra-secret society/cult (called "Plus Ultra," not to be confused with MKUltra) which met in the Eiffel Tower who founded Tomorowland and were in contact with aliens/being from another dimension or something??? Apparently Einstein and H.G Wells were insufficiently practical or too socialistic to join the club. Screw you James Clerk Maxwell, James Prescott Joule, Lord Kelvin, Marie Curie, and all you other science-people the general public has never heard of! In some online info, we are informed that Uncle Walt was recruited as the chief propagandist for the movement, and built the 1964 Tomorrowland to prepare people for the big public reveal which never happened (is this also the source of UFO's?). After all, Walt Disney was already amenable to the idea of elite Aryan supermen changing the world for the better.

To top that, underneath the Eiffel Tower is a giant steampunk rocketship that takes off into outer space with our threesome while the people of Paris look on in amazement (did the French government know that was there?). Even though Tomorrowland is in another dimension, or on earth, or something, they somehow need to go into space for some reason ("This part gets weird," suggests Clooney helpfully). Somehow (?) the rocket takes them to Tomorrowland, designed by Santiago Calatrava(!!), now empty and abandoned, much like Calatrava's actual buildings here on earth. So what was Casey looking at before? Was it a time warp too?

Evil Hugh Laurie struts around in a sash, boots and leather jodhpurs, seemingly the only guy left in Tomorrowland besides the evil Matrix androids (has everyone else been banished too?). His name is actually Nix as in "let's nix that idea."  Again, subtle as a sledgehammer. He's also the same age as in George's youth because he drinks anti-aging shakes which now come in chocolate flavor (*sigh*, I am not making that up). Casey takes the globular reins of George's tachyon machine and watches a 3D movie of whatever ends the world - climate change, nuclear war, the energy cliff, the California drought, ISIS, another Bush presidency, or whatever, and then watches Matthew McConaughey flying off into space to save us. Okay, that doesn't happen. We are informed by House that TEOTWAWKI is only 58 days hence!

Seriously, what's up with all the wheat?
Then House reveals his nefarious plot - apparently he's been using George's tachyon machine to beam images of the dystopian future into the heads of everyone on earth starting, oh, I'm guessing about the time of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo, to warn people and get them to roll up their sleeves and fix it, darnit. So know we know the REAL reason behind Jimmy Carter's Malaise Speech of 1979. "You have starvation and obesity at the same time, what's up with that?" cries House, practically pleading, "Why doesn't somebody do something to fix all the problems???"

But rather than treat it as the warning it was, the people of earth collectively decided they actually liked the apocalypse and started making movies like  like Escape from New York, Rollerball and The Hunger Games instead of fixing all the problems. The nerve of them!  At least they managed to elect Reagan. But, you see, the negative images are actually causing people to think negatively, and here comes THE MESSAGE - it's a self-fulfilling prophecy because everybody's so gloomy. Everything's getting worse because we think everything's getting worse, and no one does anything about it because  we all think that there is nothing anyone can do anything about it. See? The future's totally up to us!!!

Earlier, young Casey's irrepressible optimism and can-do spirit causes George's apocalypto-meter to drop from 100% chance to 99.9999 percent chance, giving him hope. Unable to convince House, however, they resort to fisticuffs. George manages to destroy the tachyon gloom-machine by using his jetpack to drop his fatally wounded childhood crush into the machine below where she blows it up and sends it crashing down onto House and all the other Doomers.

Clooney and company set to work rebuilding Tomorrowland and open a magic portal to the real world where they can bring in elite people to help them put the place back in business. Casey brings her NASA engineer dad Tim McGraw through as the first recruit, along with molecular biologists Brooks and Dunn and nuclear scientists Madison County. Clooney builds a new set of recruiting androids who for some unexplained reason must all look like multicultural children aged 10-14. They will go forth and find "special" people who make a difference (and whose test scores are high enough) and recruit them for the elite otherworldly priesthood of Tomorrowland free from politics and budget cuts forever.

So, Tomrrowland is basically the Gates Foundation? Let's hope Microsoft isn't working on a tachyon machine or we're all doomed!

As the movie ends, in a montage scene we see our young recruiting androids dropping Tomorrowland pins into the instrument cases of musicians, giving it to people protecting endangered wildlife, planting trees in Africa, designing something-or-other in modernist brick lofts, gazing into microscopes, or whatever other visual shorthand for smart people solving problems.  It seems to me it would be a whole lot easier just to pony up the $5000.00 or whatever it costs to attend the TED Conference and hand out Tomorrowland pins to all the  presenters. In fact, this whole movie might have been called TED the Movie if the name TED weren't already taken for a different  movie and the sequel were coming out later this year.

Finally, at the very end of the movie, the national debt is paid off, poverty is eliminated, climate change is reversed, oil is phased out, GMO foods, aquapaonics and and artificial meat eliminate starvation, the hyperloop gets built along with the moon colony, space tourism takes off, cancer is cured, the Amazon rain forest is replanted, the ice caps are refrozen, the aquifers refilled, intelligent robots eliminate work and  unemployment, we all get cybernetic implants and finally make it to Mars. Okay, that part isn't shown, but you get the idea. That part you have to imagine when you leave the theater and log onto WIRED or the Singularity Hub, assuming you still have Internet service.

I left Tomorowland optimistic about the future as got in my 14-year old rusty car that doesn't start half the time into the dimly-lit parking lot and and drove home over the potholded streets avoiding all the speed traps set by cops who are trying to fill budget cuts. I'm told Tomorrowland missed expectations at the box office, meaning some people might not get THE MESSAGE. Since almost half of Americans don't have $400.00 in case of emergency, a lot of them probably couldn't scape together the 15 bucks required to see Disney's message of can-do optimism, or perhaps they were busy having their cars repossessed. I wonder how Tomorrowland played in Detroit, where in 1964 it was one of the richest middle-class cities on the planet? Or how about New York City, where, unlike in 1964, inequality levels are at the same as Rwanda's? I don't know if it will be a hit in the European market, but China is where all the action is anyway.  Oh, and speaking of Disney: - Disney Fires Workers, Then Makes Them Train Their Replacements (refinery)
In October of last year, about 250 Disney employees, white collar workers who did data management at Disney Parks, were gathered in conference rooms and told their last day on the job would be Jan. 30, 2015. But, it got worse: They also learned they'd be expected to spend their last few months training the workers who'd replace them — immigrant workers brought in on temporary visas from an outsourcing company in India, according to a New York Times report. 
“It was so humiliating to train somebody else to take over your job,” one former employee, an American man in his 40s, told the Times. “I still can’t grasp it.” 
Americans are used to jobs disappearing overseas, but this is a newer phenomena: white collar workers coming to the States on a temporary visa called H-1B, to replace American employees inside the States — mostly, so the company can cut costs. 
According to the law, that type of visa should only be given to foreigners with advanced skills when Americans can't be found to fill the positions. In other words, they shouldn't come at the expense of American jobs. In this instance, that appears not to be the case.
Down and out in the Magic Kingdom, indeed. Why doesn't somebody do something about all the PROBLEMS???

Comments:

I was reminded of this comment I saw on Naked Capitalism:
You are viewing science in a mystical/religious sense rather than as a tool for investigating nature. It’s an absolute fundamental concept of science that science can not prove anything, and getting that wrong is not a minor mistake. It’s the difference between someone who knows what science is and can use the word “science” in a conversation with intellectual honesty, and someone who can’t.
Tomorrowland is the epitome of seeing science in a mystical/religious sense rather than a tool for investigating nature, or as a way of thinking. Rather, it's depicted as a a cornucopia where all our dreams come true. Even more frustrating, it depicts scientists as some sort of ethereal priesthood removed from ordinary humanity, rather than regular people like anyone else with all the weaknesses, blindspots, biases, limitations and foibles as the rest of us. the depiction of scientists and other creative people as "special" anointed ones with the ability to solve any problem with enough grit and determination is not the solution - it's part of the problem!

I'm sure most people leaving the theaters were cheerily thinking "well, those smart people will think of something - they always do!" Tomorrowland seems almost designed to encourage this mindset. This kind of thinking is incredibly toxic. Disney calls itself the Magic Kingdom, but science is not magic. It also promotes the idea that when you wish upon a star, all your dreams will come true.that's not what science tells us. I'm also thinking of the wheatfields depicted around Tomorrowland and George's jetpack. The idea of a young farmboy tinkering in his garage and inventing a new miracle technology that changes the world has become a founding myth like George Washington and the cherry tree. You see it today with our appeals to 'entrepreneurship" to solve all our problems.

Somehow, I don;t think the causes of our problems is some all-pervasive pessimism or not enough people thinking of solutions. Lots of people are paid to do that full-time. They have apparently not heard of Sevareid's law - the major cause of problems is solutions.

Many people have written about how techno-optimism seems to be a quasi-religion in America. The original Tomorrowland was built at the end of an extraordinary period of invention which transformed an agricultural society of farmers into an urban-dwelling society of office workers enjoying all sorts of conveniences--cars, radios, televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, telephones, air travel, etc. It seemed like anything was possible. The descendant of Tomorrowland is Disney's EPCOT center (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow), located in Florida. Ironically, both EPCOT center and Cape Canaveral are expected to be underwater at the end of this century, along with the entire Florida peninsula. Maybe EPCOT will be transformed into a floating community. Tomorrowland is the Vatican in the church of Progress.

The reaction of a lot of reviewers to Tomorrowland is about the same as that of Gil Scott-Heron in Whitey on the Moon. They condemn the trite simplicity of the message that if we just click our heels together and wish hard enough we can solve our problems. I guess the negative tachyons haven't entirely subsided yet. A better explanation might be that the Uberization of movie reviews mean that reviewers can't get paid anything or make a living, that is, if computers aren't writing the reviews for them, hence the eye-rolling.

In the future, hood ornaments are people. Job creation!
Mad Max: Fury Road

Which brings us to the inevitable sequel to Mildly Annoyed Max and Increasingly Perturbed Max: Mad Max:Fury Road, or as I like to call it, Burning Man gone feral, or the logical endgame for ISIS. It's post-apocalypse done right.

Unlike the ridiculous, inconsistent plot of Tomorrowland (a Damon Lindelof specialty) Mad Max's plot is simplicity itself. It's basically one long car chase sequence, where in the last act of the movie, they turn around and head back the other direction. That simplicity is a virtue as, unlike Tomorrowland, we are actually able to follow the plot (it probably helped out at the box office too, since nobody could understand what the hell Tomorrowland was about).

Max Rockatansky is now played by Tom Hardy of Star Trek: Nemesis fame replacing Mel Gibson. I'm guessing the producers wanted to avoid the all the  political baggage associated with Gibson, although in my opinion the sad, explosive disintegration of Mel Gibson's personal and professional life would have made him ideal for the role now in 2015, as opposed to the the young, fresh-faced actor at the beginning of his career. A grizzled, bedraggled, bitter man ranting about Jesus, women getting raped by packs of n*ggers and Jews controlling the world would be perfect for a post-apocalyptic hellhole, but old Mel may have objected to the anti-patriarchal tone of the movie (about which more below). Hardy has maybe ten lines of dialogue, and his main role is to grunt and look beaten down, which is harder than it seems.

Max, who is haunted in visions by the people he could not save including a little girl we take to be his daughter, is captured at the outset of the film and taken to an oasis citadel in the middle of the desert ruled by a dictator/cult leader named Immortan Joe sporting an unkempt plume of white hair and a breathing mask that makes him look like an alpha-displaying baboon, which I'm guessing is not an accident. I assume he is called "Immortan" because he has lived long past his prime because of these devices, outliving most people who probably die at, like, thirty, giving him Stalin-like cult status due to his longevity. Max is kept alive as a prisoner and used as a blood donor since a tattoo declares him to be a universal donor (type O).

What i love about Mad Max movies is how well they depict primal human social relationships when the formal institutions of society break down: clans and warlordism. We revert to tribal societies and the "big man" system where leaders are defined by 1.) Their ability to control resources and divert them to their followers - note that "lord" means "giver of loaves," early temples were grain distribution storehouses and temple priests were the first accountants. Feudalism, remember, is "government by personal relationship," and it's the most ancient and durable form of government for small-group social savannah apes such as ourselves. Typically elites were able to command more and more surplus for themselves and make everyone else dependent upon them, institutionalizing their power, as depicted here. 2.) The ability to control the thoughts and feelings of their followers and legitimate their power with religion and ideology. Early priest-kings  depicted  themselves as rainmakers with a special hotline to the gods. They used religious ideas centered around their own charismatic authority to motivate their followers and provide for social cooperation, and 3.) the ability to make war and deploy force- iron weapons, horses, tanks, etc. Early state making was defined by warfare, and the need to fight led to command-and-control hierarchical social structures.

We see this depicted viscerally early on. From a platform atop his mountain, Joe addresses the mass of desperate rabble below holding bowls and jerry-cans. He than declares that it is only though his largesse that people are able to survive. He then gives the signal and a gusher of water flows through two giant pipes sticking out of the mountain crashing down onto the parched masses below. It's the original trickle-down economics - literally!

It's interesting to note that that water is depicted as even more rare and necessary than oil to the desert dwellers - a concession to our new drought filled future perhaps? Joe then begins reading to the masses from the only book preserved in the post-apocalypse: The Bible, Atlas Shrugged. Okay, that doesn't happen, but it just as well might have, since its the logical conclusion to Ayn Rand's philosophy.I can imagine a lot of scenes like this taking place in Mesopotamia 6,000 years ago, only with chariots instead of cars. "Forward to the past," as George Miller says.

So, really, Joes' source of power isn't really all that different from to today's' elites - just substitute "jobs" for "water," and "economics" for the religious cult.

Inside the mountain we see the source of Joe's power - a massive Steampunk-style pump-works powered by humans inside of giant treadwheels. He gives the signal and they start walking, pumping water from deep below the earth. He also seems to have hydroponic gardens inside the mountain, meaning he's probably the only one able to grow a lot of food, not to mention brew Fosters. Because only he controls the pumps, he is a virtual God. Actually, more like a literal god - hes is the center of his own cult of personality, surrounded by "war boys" - nuclear mutated albinos. Joe's war boys believe that dying in battle will get them to Valhalla. A simple glance from Joe causes them to go ecstatic ("He looked straight at me!!").


In the real world, these kinds of male-dominated warrior cultures often tend to reward death and place a low value on human life. Its not mentioned, but I wouldn't be surprised if these guys also get seventy-two virgins in the afterlife, since there are no women for them (why in a minute). Again, one is reminded of today's ISIS fighters. Historically, highly unequal polygynous patriarchal societies with lots of males who don't have access to women or opportunities to start families are hotbeds of war, poverty and violence, and the poverty and violence is then justified post-hoc by various religious philosophies.

In other words, the social order of Joe's citadel is depressingly realistic given what we know about human behavior and social relations. It's like Mad Max was written by historians and anthropologists, while Tomorrowland was written by engineers who have never set foot outside the lab.

Some people have criticized the use of cars and trucks in Mad Max when oil is scarce, but to me this makes perfect sense- oil is liquified modernity, and whoever controls it is sure to have power (as we already see today with nation-states instead of individuals). The ancient world's elites were defined by their ability to command and provision horses and chariots for battle (Mesopotamian kings, Indo-European chiefs, Roman equites, medieval knights, etc.), so the  control and command of oil- powered vehicles would be the symbol of a future elite it seems to me - commanding horsepower instead of horses. Internal combustion engines are an incredibly useful and powerful technology that are hard to replace or substitute, so it makes sense that as they get rarer they would be treated with almost mystical awe - heck the car is already a fetish object in the United States right now. There is certainly no logical reason for our car culture. Immortan Joe's war boys carry steering wheels as totems, smear grease on their face, make the sign of the V-8, and even ritually spray chrome on their teeth before going into battle for that shiny smile. "Machines are more permanent that human life," as director George Miller puts it.

IJ is sending Charlize Theron, aka Imperator Furiosa (Seriously, the best part of post-apocalypse is the cool names you get to have) to bring back a new shipment of fuel from wherever it is produced (fracking wells?). Despite the lack of technology, somehow Furiosa has a cybernetic left arm (?). Unbeknownst to him, Furiosa is instead making a break for it, and stowed away on board her truck is Joe's harem of wives. See, Joe has apparently monopolized all the nubile young females in the entire citadel for himself and stashed them away in a harem (everyone else being sterile and mutated from radiation or something - I don't know). Just like the real world, elite males restrict reproductive access of females to themselves to pass along their genes exclusively which probably happened in antiquity as well. We know that with the rise of agriculture around 8,000 BC only one man passed his genes along for every 17 women, and this was probably why. Access to female was partitioned by wealth, with most men ending up as slaves, servants, serfs, eunuchs, flunkies, roadkill, cannon fodder, nomads and hermits. Shades of our own future with most men having no jobs, wives or prospects in the new economy, and only a small amount of alpha males able to afford the costs to reproduce.

Furiosa and her fellow wives in Immortan Joes' harem are sick to death of being sex slaves and milking cows in the patriarchal society (he's got some sort of breast milk spigot going?). When Joe discovers the double-cross, he calls on his allies in Gas Town and Bullet Farm and sends out an army to get them back, a la Helen of Troy. His massive flotilla (drivetilla?) of cars is played off by the guy who steals the entire movie from Hardy and Theron despite having hardly any screen time - the Doof Warrior, a guitar-rocking heavy metal guy in a gas mask and red onesie, tied to a bungee cord and perched atop a massive truck filled with speakers with taiko drummers on the back. Did I mention that his  guitar is also a friggin' FLAMETHROWER!!! The Internet has gone nuts for the Doof Warrior, and collectively agrees that he alone is cooler than all 120+ minutes of Tomorrowland, as the still below proves:

This still is more awesome than all of Tomorrowland.
Geez, no WONDER people loved the post-apocalyptic future in Tomorrowland! Note to Hugh Laurie: if you want to talk people out of embracing the apocalypse, for Gods sakes, DO NOT SHOW THEM THE DOOF WARRIOR!!!

Anyway, Max spends pretty much half the early part of the movie shackled in an iron mask as a human hood ornament/portable blood bag for the war boy called Nux (not to be confused with Nix, above, or the Knights Who Say Ni. I know it's confusing). The chase scenes are marvelously done, and even though I wasn't planning on seeing this in 3D I'm glad I did - trust me, spring for the extra cost, in this case it's worth it. Interestingly, one of the reason that the movie's chase scenes are easy to watch and follow is because of George Miller's directing technique. He keeps the the center of your attention in the center of the frame at all times, so that when it's cut together, the action is seamless and easy to follow because your eyes aren't wandering all over the screen. This is the difference between a good action director and a lousy one. Somebody please inform the talentless hack Michael Bay that CGI shit spinning around the screen with no frame of reference and no concession to the laws of physics induces confusion and nausea rather than awe.


Mad Max: Center Framed from Vashi Nedomansky on Vimeo.

In his zeal to get to Valhalla Nux ends up destroying his ride, and he and his hood ornament Max end up in a standoff with Furiosa and her maidens. After freeing himself from his mask, Max says to Furiosa, "what do you think you’re looking at, sugar-tits,” rants about the Jews, and tells several of the wives, "you look like a fucking pig in heat, and if you get raped by a pack of niggers, it will be your fault," and orders them to "blow me!!!" Oh, sorry, that's the Mel Gibson version playing in my head. Back to the real movie.

In gratitude for getting his mask off, and with nothing else better to do, Max decides to help Furiosa and the wives get to the "green place" where Furiosa grew up, with Nux tagging along. So I guess everyone really is moving to Portland.

After  more harrowing experiences, Furiosa is united with her all-girl desert-dwelling clan. When asked where the green place is, they assume it's where Furiosa came from. D'oh, we were there all along! The sisters have been saving seeds and are ready to plant a new civilization, all they need is water. Hey, they happen to know a guy who has lots of the stuff. Rather than strike out across an impassable desert in search of someplace better, Max, Furiosa, Nux, the wives, and the Ya-Ya Sisterhood decide to return and confront Immortan Joe and his minions to get back to the water supply and plant their seeds.

You can pretty much take it from here. In the chase the other direction, Nux gives his life to save the others, Joe is killed (by having his mask ripped off - eww) along with his son Rictus (shouldn't he be called Immortan Ted or something?), The Bullet Farmer, the People Eater, the Organic Mechanic, and even the Doof Warrior (NO!!!). Returning to the citadel, they inform the confused residents that IJ is dead and the caravan is not coming back.

The film ends on a surprisingly optimistic note, with the mountain being opened up and the resources withheld for so long are turned over to the people. Joe's minions and toadies, sick of his bullying, accept the new regime without question and Furiosa and the wives become the new rulers. Max, his work done here, wanders back into the desert to continue his search for someone to help with his anger management issues, at least until the inevitable sequel: Mad Max 2: Rise of the Doof Warrior.

There's supposedly some sort feminist message here that's gotten a disproportionate amount of press coverage (they love controversy!). If there is - I'm all for it. Patriarchies suck for everyone. Rule by women is much better than sociopathic alpha males. I don't know why anyone would object to this. Yes, the men are mostly assholes, and the women decent, but this reflects real life in my experience. Kick-ass women are okay in my book. And don't forget, men are heroes too (Max and Nux).

Unlike Tomrrowland, Mad Max feels visceral and real. People behave like actual people, and the relationships have much more heft despite the breakneck action sequences and minimal dialogue. I felt much more emotionally invested in these characters and what happened to them than anything in Tomorrowland. It felt like there was actually something at stake here unlike the other movie.

In Mad Max's world, the laws of physics apply, scarcity is real, you have to make and do things yourself, and you have to know how they work. Trucks break down, require fuel, and have kill switches. Doors jam, metal rusts and bolt cutters are needed to get your metal mask off. Perhaps part of the reason it feels so visceral and real is that a lot of the visual effects and stunts were real:


Final Thoughts

Watching just how well Tomorrowland simulated the future that we thought we would actually be living in by now on the screen, I kept thinking of this memorable quote from David Graeber's article in The Baffler:
"...as I watched one of the recent Star Wars movies...I couldn’t help but feel impressed by the quality of the special effects. Recalling the clumsy special effects typical of fifties sci-fi films, I kept thinking how impressed a fifties audience would have been if they’d known what we could do by now—only to realize, “Actually, no. They wouldn’t be impressed at all, would they? They thought we’d be doing this kind of thing by now. Not just figuring out more sophisticated ways to simulate it.” 
"Where, in short, are the flying cars? Where are the force fields, tractor beams, teleportation pods, antigravity sleds, tricorders, immortality drugs, colonies on Mars, and all the other technological wonders any child growing up in the mid-to-late twentieth century assumed would exist by now? Even those inventions that seemed ready to emerge—like cloning or cryogenics—ended up betraying their lofty promises. What happened to them?" 
"Why did the projected explosion of technological growth everyone was expecting—the moon bases, the robot factories—fail to happen? There are two possibilities. Either our expectations about the pace of technological change were unrealistic (in which case, we need to know why so many intelligent people believed they were not) or our expectations were not unrealistic (in which case, we need to know what happened to derail so many credible ideas and prospects)."
Graeber argues that elites prefer to trade off a more technologically-constrained future for increased power and control.
End of work arguments were popular in the late seventies and early eighties as social thinkers pondered what would happen to the traditional working-class-led popular struggle once the working class no longer existed...From the perspective of those living in Europe, North America, and Japan, the results did seem to be much as predicted. Smokestack industries did disappear; jobs came to be divided between a lower stratum of service workers and an upper stratum sitting in antiseptic bubbles playing with computers. But below it all lay an uneasy awareness that the postwork civilization was a giant fraud. Our carefully engineered high-tech sneakers were not being produced by intelligent cyborgs or self-replicating molecular nanotechnology; they were being made on the equivalent of old-fashioned Singer sewing machines, by the daughters of Mexican and Indonesian farmers who, as the result of WTO or NAFTA–sponsored trade deals, had been ousted from their ancestral lands. It was a guilty awareness that lay beneath the postmodern sensibility and its celebration of the endless play of images and surfaces. 
[...] 
By the sixties, conservative political forces were growing skittish about the socially disruptive effects of technological progress, and employers were beginning to worry about the economic impact of mechanization. The fading Soviet threat allowed for a reallocation of resources in directions seen as less challenging to social and economic arrangements, or indeed directions that could support a campaign of reversing the gains of progressive social movements and achieving a decisive victory in what U.S. elites saw as a global class war. The change of priorities was introduced as a withdrawal of big-government projects and a return to the market, but in fact the change shifted government-directed research away from programs like NASA or alternative energy sources and toward military, information, and medical technologies.
Of Flying Cars and the Declining Rate of Profit (The Baffler)

It strikes me that in America today we have people with devices straight out of Tomorrowland walking around looking they just stepped straight out of Mad Max. I thought of this during a recent trip to Target. Much of the American public, especially in economically depressed areas, look like extras from Max Max as James Howard Kunstler often likes to point out. Giant bloated and distended bodies, shaved heads, outlandish hairstyles, long scraggly beards, elaborate tattoos covering much of the body, piercings in every orifice, and garish ill-fitting clothing including leather biker-wear are all de rigeur everywhere in modern-day Middle America, as any trip to Wal-mart will prove. Yet these same people have computers straight out of Tomrrowland in their pockets, swipe credit cars to pay for merchandise from the other side the world, have artificial pacemakers and titanium hips implanted inside them, and find their way around with satellite navigation.

And again I'm thinking of Dubai. Nowhere on earth looks more like the actual Tomorrowland than Dubai, except surrounded by the parched deserts of Mad Max rather than amber waves of grain. But most of us will never set foot in Dubai. It's for an international jet-set elite. Just like the interdimensional Tomorrowland, it is inaccessible to most of us.

And that's the problem.We don't see tent cities surrounding Tomorrowland; in Tomorroland there are no homeless spikes. Its tall buildings are not reed-like Pikettyscrapers designed to optimize sales for footloose absentee owners which lie darkened and empty half the time. But Tomorrowland does depict scientists and elites living in a world separate from the rest of us, and that's looking uncomfortably like the real world. From gated houses in the Hollywood hills, to"enterprise zones" like Guragon in India, to Google's human terrarium in California, to Bangkok where a few malls use more energy than entire provinces, to plans to set up seasteading "tech-incubators" outside of international laws and labor regulations, the rich are seceding from society, and in place of technologies to benefit us all, they see us as just another resource to be extracted, used, and thrown away if inconvenient. Anyone outside of Tomorrowland had better fend for themselves is the new reality; and most of us are on outside. Rather than technocrats with a conscience, the tech elite are behaving more like Immortan Joe. It's Tommorrowland's technology coupled with Mad Max's social relations. It's like a movie where Tomorrowland is surrounded by the oil-guzzling hot-rod barbarians of Mad Max.

In the same part of the world as the futuristic city of Dubai with its indoor ski slopes, artificial islands, medical rejuvenation facilities, and kilometer-high skyscrapers, is the Islamic State, a self-described Caliphate ruled by Sharia Law straight out of the thirteenth century, which is currently charging across the Middle East, beheading people, and torching oil refineries. This seems to be the bellwether of our future. And therein lies the contradiction. Which one is spreading and which is receding?  It's not Tomorrowland versus Mad Max, they seem to be both occupy exactly the same space like the imaginary Tomorrowland depicted in the movie and our world. I know which one I live in. One thing's for sure - it probably won't have a happy ending.
 
Mad Max reminds us that its is still possible us to find hope and redemption in a world gone mad. To me, that's going to be a far more important lesson for most of us than Tomorrowland's simplistic bromides about wishing for a shiny jetpack future.

Your world in 2015.

Sunday, April 10, 2016

Automation and The Future of Work: Black Lives Matter - part 2

The Politics of Unemployment and Automation

So what can we learn about the future of technologically-based unemployment based on the African-American experience? A lot, I think.

As the black employment situation deteriorated thanks to automation, the government attempted a number of ham-fisted responses to the problem that ultimately ended up making the situation worse, not better. It's probably an overstatement to say that all of the political events in the latter-half of the twentieth century in America derive from those actions, but surveying the history, one is struck by how much this is the underlying  factor in every major political development since the 1960s, when President Johnson was first warned of the situation.

Governments promoted "affirmative action" schemes--differential hiring policies--to give African-Americans an advantage in the job market, theoretically to make up for the disadvantages noted earlier. It favored the hiring of blacks for local government jobs which could not be shipped off to the suburbs. And it promoted minority scholarships to help blacks pay for higher education.

To cope with segregated schools, it began busing students from inner-cities to facilities throughout the city. The government funded housing "projects" to house the African-Americans unable to afford suburban homes of their own. These projects were based on utopian schemes promoted by European modernists after the war that the Europeans themselves had soundly rejected (Brutalist concrete towers devoid of green space surrounded by freeways).

The social-safety net, always statistically serving more white people than black people in absolute numbers, increasingly became relied upon by urban blacks who had their jobs eliminated due to suburbanization and automation and had nowhere else to turn as their jobs vanished. In such places, entire generations exist who have never known steady employment, leading to dysfunctional behavior patterns. Generations before, such people had worked in the factories which were now long gone.

What these policies ultimately did, however, was to drive a racial wedge between the population. Government became increasingly seen as serving "those people." The narrative that government does nothing but steal hard-working (white) people's money and give it to lazy (black) freeloaders became commonplace among the white population, fomented by a generously-funded right-wing media machine targeted to lower-income rural and suburban white voters. Conservative forces mined this racial resentment as a vehicle to dismantle the government which they had long despised due to it being a check on their power and limiting their wealth accumulation. Blacks were depicted as a parasitical "community" looking for handouts, whereas suburban whites were "rugged individualists" who earned their wealth by working hard in the "free market," and taxes, although never popular, came to be seen as simply "theft."

Busing became the match on the gasoline of suburbanization, as the last holdouts in the cities joined the mass exodus, leading to even more urban isolation and impoverishment. Affirmative action and minority scholarships fueled the racial resentment of lower-income whites, who had increasing difficulty finding jobs and funding expensive college educations for their own kids. Government and educational "quotas" became another reason for outrage directed at the Federal government. Housing projects promoted social stigma and exclusion, and ended up concentrating poverty, not alleviating it. The dense modernist  flats looked more like cell blocks than homes, and were universally regarded as failures, with some even being torn down just decades after being built.

The Republican Party increasingly became the vehicle of white racial resentment and  irrational hatred of government. Southern Whites, increasingly seeing the federal government as an agent of enforcing racial equality, flocked to the Republican banner. The Southern states had always resented the Federal Government going back to the Civil War and Reconstruction, and this now intensified due to its support for the Civil Rights movement under Democratic presidents. The movement of population to the Sun Belt states (encouraged by air conditioning)  gave the states in Dixie more and more political influence over the entire nation. The "Southern Strategy" pioneered by Richard Nixon recast the Republican Party as the maintainer of hierarchical racial order in the face of black assertiveness. The entirely of Dixie switched overnight from Democrats to Republicans, to the extent that The South and Sunbelt became effective one-party states under Republican rule.

But it wasn't just the South--much of the country where blacks had migrated became "Dixiefied"--animated primarily by fanatical hatred and resentment of government at every level, and suspicion and disparagement of metropolitan areas (which nonetheless remained the major sources of economic activity and population growth).

In areas of the Northeast and Midwest that had seen a significant influx of black migrants who were now unemployed due to automation, racial resentment pushed working class whites into the arms of the Republican Party here too. The party transformed its identity from one that represented wealthy business interests and advocated limited government (The Rockefeller/Goldwater era), to one animated by downscale suburban and rural whites fueled by racial resentment and hatred (as well as religion). The Republicans cast themselves as the party of "law and order"-- coded dog-whistle words for keeping minorities in their place. Democrats became seen as the party of minorities, and later "political correctness" in the eyes of rural and suburban white Americans. In other words, "the other team."

This was cemented in 1980, when Ronald Reagan's first campaign stop was in Philadelphia Mississippi, the site of the murder of several civil-rights activists, calling for an assertion of "state's rights." (a common dog-whistle phrase opposing Civil Rights). Reagan touted the "Cadillac-driving welfare queen" (in reality a myth inspired by a single person), and "strapping young bucks buying T-bone steaks," as a way to gain support for destroying the social welfare system, something conservatives in America had desired since the New Deal. Affirmative action polices and quotas were used to stoke white racial grievance against the federal government. Even today, with the safety net in tatters, Obama is touted as a "food-stamp president" handing out free cell phones to poor urban blacks in right-wing Republican circles. (In reality, the size of the debt and the federal government has expanded much more slowly under Obama than under Republican presidents, especially Reagan).

The 1990's began a conservative counter-revolution with the construction of think-tanks (The Heritage Foundation, The American Enterprise Institute, etc.), lobbying groups (ALEC, the Chamber of Commerce), and a right-wing media machine with vast reach and unlimited funds (FOX news, talk radio, et. al). In 1981, famed Republican strategist Lee Atwater admitted:
You start out in 1954 by saying, “Nigger, nigger, nigger.” By 1968 you can’t say “nigger” — that hurts you, backfires. So you say stuff like, uh, forced busing, states’ rights, and all that stuff, and you’re getting so abstract. Now, you’re talking about cutting taxes, and all these things you’re talking about are totally economic things and a byproduct of them is, blacks get hurt worse than whites.… “We want to cut this,” is much more abstract than even the busing thing, uh, and a hell of a lot more abstract than “Nigger, nigger.”
I Know Why Poor Whites Chant Trump, Trump, Trump (Stir)

Then came the drug war. It began under Nixon and ramped up under Reagan. Ostensibly to stamp out teenage "drug abuse," it resulted in an incarceration boom unprecedented in all of human history except for perhaps under Stalinist dictatorships (somehow, white taxpayers had no problem footing the bill for this). The illegal drug trade became one of the few avenues of decent incomes and entrepreneurship available to African-Americans due to its underground nature. There is even some evidence that drug abuse was encouraged in black communities to provide justification for this state of affairs. Police forces increasingly became, in David Simon's words, "An army of occupation." "Three strikes" laws, "Zero-tolerance" polices, "broken windows" policing, and "stop and frisk," were all theoretical justifications for cracking down on crime, but enforced disproportionately against urban black populations. Some places became notoriously predatory, as demonstrated by the Federal investigation of Ferguson, Missouri (a ghetto created by the loss of St. Louis' manufacturing economy).

Today, there are more African Americans in the legal system than there were slaves in 1860. One in four of the world's prisoners rots away in U.S jails (despite having less than five percent of the world's population), often under conditions described by the U.N as "torture."Many of these prisoners are coerced to work for giant corporations for pennies (slavery for convicted criminals is legal under the Constitution).  The United States is the only country where more men are raped than women thanks to the brutal conditions in U.S. prisons. Inner-city schools spend more money on police than on counselors, and a school-to-prison pipeline has emerged for African-American youth. The average black teenager is statistically more likely to go to jail than attend college. the U.S. has more internal police and locks up more people than Stalinist Russia.

Everything worked out okay???

Much like white women today, black women adapted better overall to the new "caring and service-oriented" job market than did men. The few inner-city jobs left in the ghettos after suburban flight were typically minimum wage service jobs, especially in the fast-food industry, and government work. Men no longer had the wages to form a family, and predictably family formation went down. Single mothers became the norm, much to sneering derision of wealthy, conservative whites ("baby mommas"). Many black men rationally chose a shorter life and higher income potential in the dangerous black market drug trade to humiliating dead-end work at pitiful wages.

Men increasingly took out their lack of self-esteem on women, and a misogynistic culture emerged ("pimps and ho's"). Gangsters became lionized as heroes. "Thug culture" became a thing. Women increasingly turned up their noses at the black men who faced such bleak prospects, choosing rather to go it alone than have a potentially dangerous man in the house who was dead weight. The lack of hope on the part of men became institutionalized, leading to destructive attitudes passed along from generation to generation. Generations grew up without knowing their fathers, which became the norm due to lack of job and career opportunities.

At the same time, a small segment of African Americans took advantage of the new opportunities and did very well, indeed. Many moved into the professional class in various capacities--lawyers, doctors, businessmen, etc. In the post-civil rights world, this segment enjoyed opportunities that their ancestors could have only dreamed of.  A few even became multi-millionaires, especially in music, acting, entertainment and professional sports. And, of course, the nation elected a president of African descent in the 2008 election.

The spectacular success of this small segment was held up as evidence that the blacks who had been left behind were  simply not working hard enough, and were responsible for their own plight due to their bad behavior (rather than poor schools or a lack of jobs). Because the legalized, institutionalized racism had been removed, white America adopted a blame game where the African community simply refused to pull themselves up by their bootstraps.

This is why the "automation came along and everything worked out allright" attitude is, in my estimation, extremely racist. It dismisses the pain and suffering of an entire class of people  as just somehow inevitable, or as their own fault due to their inherent nature. The social pathologies that resulted from the fallout are then pointed to as a cause of the devastation. Ask any inner-city activist the biggest problem facing their community and what will they tell you? Typically the same thing: "lack of jobs" (or perhaps substandard schools, which is just the flip side of the same coin).

The White Ghetto and Trumpism

 In the 1990's two new factors emerged in this situation. The 1960s and 1970s began the rise of automation and movement of good-paying factory jobs to the suburbs and overseas for some industries (notably textiles). But economic activity still assured plenty of jobs for whites with enough family wealth to move to the suburbs throughout the 1980's and into the 1990's.

In 2001, China joined the World trade Organization (WTO). With its bottomless supply of poor rural workers moving to cities, it could outcompete nearly the entire world on labor costs. Places like Shenzen and Pearl River Delta became the world's factory floor, hollowing out manufacturing centers all across the United States and Europe. It was the death blow to these industrial economies (temporarily masked by real estate bubbles and banking fraud). China quickly became the world's largest industrial economy in the span of only a few decades.

Several rounds of "free trade" deals swept across the world as economic Neoliberalism became the  predominant economic philosophy of the global economy. Capital became fluid and mobile, even as labor remained tied to hollowed-out nation states. Billions of people joined the global labor pool, empowered by the Internet. The Democratic party in America abandoned its support for unions and the white working class (who had abandoned them in droves anyway), and fully embraced Neoliberalism, although tempered with a few nods toward the safety net (the programs that primarily benefited whites), and "politically correct" social inclusiveness rhetoric.

The movement of jobs overseas became an absolute deluge. The loss of factory jobs swelled, and the final shreds of industrial America were torn apart. Vast areas of the American "heartland" were hollowed out, leading to the rural landscape of shuttered factories, meth labs and boarded up storefronts along main streets we are familiar with. Automation had finally come for rural and suburban white America. Cheap Chinese goods also enabled corporate behemoths such as Wal-Mart to undercut local businesses on price, destroying any vestige of a locally-owned economy and small businesses. McJobs replaced factory jobs as the base of the economy in most places.

As "more education" was touted as the lifeboat to get out of these communities, this, along with the aging of the the Baby Boomer population, caused an "eds and meds" economy to spring up. Education and health care became the only stable forms of employment in these remote places, ultimately sustained by government money (Medicare and student loans). These two industries quickly became predatory, leaving Americans wallowing in unpayable debts for their overpriced services. Campaign contributions ensured politicians looked the other way.

The job drain was slow enough and diffuse enough to prevent any sort of coordinated response on the part of unemployed workers. Instead they went as lambs to the slaughter, often voting for the very same people who had enabled it due to racial grievance and hot-button social issues of cultural affiliation (abortion, guns, NASCAR, etc.). Conservative media blamed "liberal permissiveness,"  "entitlements," and "Ivy-League elites" for the problems plaguing rural America, and stoked anger over imaginary issues such as "The war on Christmas." Americans gleefully ate-up anti-union rhetoric promoted by the corporate-owned media.
Republicans, he said, use their support of gun rights as a cornerstone in their strategy to win elections by launching “an all-out, no-holds-barred assault on government”. 
“The Republicans in some way, shape or form have become a neo-anarchist party, in that they don’t accept that there is much legitimacy at all to the existence of public functions,” he said. 
“The second amendment has become sacred because it’s the best way for them to express how furious they are at government. They are willing to defend the right of individuals to take up arms against it. There’s no way to get farther right on anti-government rhetoric than that.”
Senator: gun control discussions won't change 'neo-anarchist' Republican party (Guardian)

Note that this level of government hatred and gun fanaticism was decidedly fringe, even among white America, prior to the Civil Rights era. Now it drives what is arguably the nation's most powerful political party.

Drive though America's small towns and inner-ring suburbs, and what do you see? Good things? Everything just worked out okay? Really??? To dismiss the effects of automation, we have to pretend that all of this doesn't exist. Does automation truly create more jobs than it destroys? Drive through the urban ghettos and abandoned small towns of the Rust Belt and say that.
To say that “nothing happened to them” is stunningly wrong. Over the past 35 years the working class has been devalued, the result of an economic version of the Hunger Games. It has pitted everyone against each other, regardless of where they started. Some contestants, such as business owners, were equipped with the fanciest weapons. The working class only had their hands. They lost and have been left to deal on their own.
The consequences can be seen in nearly every town and rural county and aren’t confined to the industrial north or the hills of Kentucky either. My home town in Florida, a small town built around two orange juice factories, lost its first factory in 1985 and its last in 2005.

In the South Buffalo neighborhood of Lackawanna, homes have yet to recover from the closing of an old steel mill that looms over them. The plant, once one of many, provided the community with jobs and stability. The parts that haven’t been torn down are now used mainly for storage.

In Utica, New York, a boarded-up GE plant that’s been closed for more than 20 years sits behind Mr Nostalgia’s, a boarded-up bar where workers once spent nights. Jobs moved out of state and out of the country. The new jobs don’t pay as well and don’t offer the same benefits, so folks now go to the casino outside of town to try to supplement their income.

When you go into these communities and leave the small bubbles of success –Manhattan, Los Angeles, northern Virginia, Cambridge – and listen to people who work with their hands, you hear a uniform frustration and a constant anxiety. In a country of such amazing wealth, a large percentage of people are trying not to sink.
In Blossburg, Pennsylvania, Arnie Knapp walks five miles into town every morning, trying to keep his body in shape and not succumb to the various injuries he suffered working the mills. He started working at 14 and once they closed, he worked a series of lower-paying jobs. Unlike the characters profiled in the National Review article, he isn’t looking for a handout: “I haven’t asked for anything but work from anyone. Problem is, there aren’t a lot of jobs around here any more.”
Mocked and forgotten: who will speak for the American white working class? (Guardian)

Now, it's true that cheap Chinese labor and the invention of shipping containers temporarily eliminated the need for automation due to the oversupply of labor and ultra-low wages. But had the Chinese workers not been there, automation would have done the job anyway. In fact, manufacturing output in America continued to rise during this period, even as manufacturing employment declined. China just happened to provide a quicker, cheaper way to temporarily increase profits and lower labor costs during this period thanks to global wage arbitrage.
Here’s the problem: Whether or not those manufacturing jobs could have been saved, they aren’t coming back, at least not most of them. How do we know? Because in recent years, factories have been coming back, but the jobs haven’t. Because of rising wages in China, the need for shorter supply chains and other factors, a small but growing group of companies are shifting production back to the U.S. But the factories they build here are heavily automated, employing a small fraction of the workers they would have a generation ago.
Manufacturing Jobs Are Never Coming Back (FiveThirtyEight)

A significant number of Americans simply weren't needed in the economic order anymore. The were useless as workers, and as they became ever-poorer, as consumers. Companies increasingly preferred citizens of the Third World not only workers, but also as consumers, as their disposable incomes were rising even as American wages were falling. Poorer Americans had no choice but to buy cheap Chinese made-consumer goods because it was all they could afford, leading to a downward spiral of lower wage jobs, offshoring, and ever-cheaper and shoddier goods.

The second major factor was the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994.

Third-party candidate Ross Perot warned of "A giant sucking sound" of jobs leaving the United States if it were signed into law, and he was right, despite losing the race. Not only did NAFTA allow jobs to migrate across the border, the dumping of heavily subsidized and mechanized U.S. corn on the Mexican market (see the cotton example in the previous entry), devastated the rural Mexican economy. The non-mechanized small farmers of rural Mexico couldn't compete and threw in the towel.

Much like African Americans half a century before, they too began a mass migration to "El Norte" to look for work. Millions of migrants, primarily from Northern Mexico, flooded into the United States in a very short time span to do the work Americans supposedly "didn't want to do." Rural economies, especially in the Southwest, had long depended upon migrant labor from Mexico, but now that model was expanded to all aspects of the unskilled labor market--building and construction, child-care, cooking, cleaning, gardening, landscaping, laundry, food-service, delivery, manual labor, and so forth. America became a bilingual society overnight, and the ability to speak Spanish increasingly became a job requirement for many positions.

Free trade: As U.S. corn flows south, Mexicans stop farming (McClatchy)

Unlike blacks who had been confined to the ghetto outside of Dixie, Mexicans went to all locations--rural, urban and suburban, forming a massive exploited proletariat willing to work for much, much less than native-born Americans. The third largest influx of foreign currency into the Mexican economy is remittances from Mexicans living abroad, mainly in the United States. The Mexican government no longer had to deal with poverty or unemployment within their own borders; they could export their poverty to the United States and watch the currency roll in. Despite handwringing, both major parties supported this trend, supported by campaign cash, even as they condemned it in public. Wages dropped and profits soared.

Immigration as a reverse election: our leaders get a new people (Fabius Maximus)

In the 1990-2000's, competition from Chinese workers abroad and Mexican immigrants at home finally decisively broke the back of the white working class who had been able to escape the devastation wrought on black community due to automation in the 1960-1970s. At the same time, the costs of higher education soared into the stratosphere as college increasingly became the tollbooth to the few remaining middle-class jobs which had not been not offshored. Americans were required to mortgage their future and become indentured servants for even just a chance at acquiring jobs which paid more than minimum wage in the new "service economy" promoted by professional economists.

Older whites who were made redundant when factory jobs shut down used disability as a de-facto basic income guarantee scheme. Disability became the "white welfare," even as whites continued to disparage black "welfare queens." While welfare "reform" had shifted responsibility onto cash-strapped state and local governments, disability was still paid for by federal dollars. Just as with blacks, a lot of lip-service was paid to "worker retraining" for the nonexistent jobs supposedly created by automation. Social work, health care and government jobs became the only economic activity in vast swaths of middle America as the circle of prosperity receded. And, just like blacks, the whites were increasingly blamed for the reality of their own circumstances as the jobs disappeared. Here's Paul Krugman discussing the shift:
...there was a great deal of alarm over the troubles of the African-American community, where social disorder was on the rise even as explicit legal discrimination (although not de facto discrimination) was coming to an end...There were all kinds of theories, ranging from cultural hand-waving to claims that it was all because of welfare. But some people, notably William Julius Wilson, argued that the underlying cause was economic: good jobs, while still fairly plentiful in America as a whole, were disappearing from the urban centers where the A-A population was concentrated. And the social collapse, while real, followed from that underlying cause.
This story contained a clear prediction — namely, that if whites were to face a similar disappearance of opportunity, they would develop similar behavior patterns. And sure enough, with the hollowing out of the middle class, we saw (via Mark Thoma) what Kevin Williamson at National Review describes as

    the welfare dependency, the drug and alcohol addiction, the family anarchy

And what is the lesson? Why, that poor whites are moral failures, and they should move to where there are opportunities (where?). It’s really extraordinary.

Oh, and lots of swipes at food stamps, welfare programs, disability insurance (which conservatives insist is riddled with fraud, despite lots of evidence to the contrary.)

It’s surely worth noting that other advanced countries, with much more generous welfare states, aren’t showing anything like the kind of social collapse we’re seeing in the U.S. heartland....the idea that somehow food stamps are why we’re breaking bad is utterly at odds with the evidence. (Just as an aside, since someone will bring it up: all of those other advanced economies are just as open to trade as we are — so whatever you think of free trade, it doesn’t necessarily cause social collapse.)
Return of the Undeserving Poor (Paul Krugman)

Why conservatives are talking about struggling white people the way they usually talk about black people (Slate)

The rise of Donald Trump comes as no surprise, then. Trump combines the white racial grievance and hatred wielded by the Republican party to win lower-income white votes with a critique of the vanishing jobs and hollowing out of the labor market for lower-income whites due to outsourcing and mass immigration from Mexico. Other Republicans, dependent upon funding from the donor class who benefited disproportionately from outsourcing and immigration, could not pursue this line of rhetoric. Trump, a real estate magnate self-funding his own campaign for vanity reasons, could say these things. Polls show that a majority of Trump voters see discrimination against whites as a major concern. White Americans who had seen their lives and communities decimated by decades of globalism finally had a champion who promised to bring their jobs back, while keeping blacks and Mexicans in line; in other words, to "Make America great again."

Americans fear a life of 'dead-end crap jobs with crap wages' (CNN Money)

Detroitification

There was no Universal Basic Income for blacks left jobless by automation. There was no wealth redistribution. There was no compensating the "losers". There was no "sharing the fruits of the technology." Rather, there was scapegoating, dehumanizing, divide and conquer, blame, hatred, discrimination, resentment and abuse from the hard-working "winners" against the lazy, growing pile of "losers." In the past that was mainly along color lines. Now, it's increasingly along class lines.

What makes you think the new effects from ongoing automation will be any different? Does anyone think we will come to our senses and realize that there simply aren't enough jobs to go around? Or will we continue to insist on individual solutions for what are ultimately societal problems? While education may be fine to help one's individual standing, it has never, in and of itself, produced jobs where there are none to be had.

Education is not a solution to automation (Fabius Maximus) 

What does the African-American experience portend about our future in the age of automation?

- The poor majority will become trapped in ghettos, homeless encampments, and "slumburbs," as America Balkanizes along income lines. Your fate will be increasingly tied to the accident of where you were born. Already, social mobility is primarily determined by your ZIP code and what your parents' income is. Libertarian economists are already predicting a future where 80-90 percent of us are "zero-marginal product" workers living in internet-enabled shantytowns with minimal public services and dining on canned beans, while 10-15 percent of Americans live "like today's millionaires."

- Rather than invest in methods to create new jobs, we will instead opt for a massive police state, prisons, guard labor, and mass incarceration. Already we see the police routinely using weapons that we would normally associate with war zones. Increasingly, keeping other Americans in line will become a major source of employment, and building prisons and exploiting prisoners will become a major profit center for corporate America, instead of selling new and innovative products, which most Americans will be too poor to buy anyway (aside from a few electronic toys).

- Education will continue to be touted as the "salvation" for people even as the amount of jobs declines and the educational and experience requirements keep going up for even the most basic jobs. People who are not able to acquire this lengthy and expensive education, for whatever reason, will be blamed for their own plight. Already employers are charging workers just to apply for jobs.

The social maladies caused by a disappearance of family supporting jobs and hope for the future will increasingly be pointed to as the cause of the dysfunction. Drug abuse is now causing devastation in the white community just as thoroughly as it has in the black community.

Charles Murray, an intellectual for conservative think-tanks, wrote a book called The Bell Curve in the 1990's arguing that African-Americans' inferior IQ's were at the root of their plight. Now he's saying similar things about poor whites left unemployed by automation. His new book Coming Apart argues that poor whites' inferior moral behavior is the ultimate cause of the ongoing destruction of their communities. If they would just get married and hit the books, he claims, there would be no problem. Expect to see a lot more of this line of thinking coming out of right-wing think tanks and promoted in the corporate media as jobs continue to disappear.

Bill Black: AEI Pushes Government Propaganda Telling Women to Marry Schlubs (Naked Capitalism)

“Marriage promotion” is a destructive cargo cult (Interfluidity)

- You also have a recrudescence of Social Darwinist philosophy. Those who can't hack it in the "free market" deserve to die "for the good of the species," according to a small but powerful segment of the business community enthralled by a crude combination of Ayn Rand's writings mixed with a bastardization of Charles Darwin. (e.g. the "Dark Enlightenment" philosophy popular in Silicon Valley).

Mouthbreathing Machiavellis Dream of a Silicon Reich (The Baffler)

Even as certain quarters tout education as the way out, funding for education is being slashed at every level, particularly by Republicans. In his book, The Falling Rate of Learning and the Neoliberal Endgame, David J. Blacker points out that as corporate America needs less and less people, they simply don't see a need to invest in mass education anymore; hence it is being dismantled. The people who already have dynastic wealth and resources will be fine; everyone else will not. The ladder to the middle class is being pulled up. With perennially too few jobs for workers, employees will just have to compete for the few remaining slots using whatever resources they have at their disposal in a winner-take-all, musical-chairs game. As for the rest, as Blacker points out, the precedent here is the eliminationist literature of the German Holocaust--what is the best way for authorities to deal with the excess "undesirables" in society?

In his online novel Manna, Marshall Brain imagines large amounts of people made jobless due to automation herded into vast open-air prisons and living as wards of the state. He's overly optimistic. We already have such prisons today, and they are nowhere near as pleasant. Benign neglect is the best-case scenario. The worst is the work camps of the Holocaust. "Work makes us free." American prisoners are already a major source of labor for corporations.

Philadelphia Closes 23 Schools, Lays Off Thousands, Builds Huge Prison (Gawker)

Forget Basic Income schemes. As the jobs disappeared over the past few decades, support for the safety net did not increase, in fact, just the opposite! The poorer people get, the stronger the desire to cast them as lazy freeloaders and shred what little remains of the social safety net, not expand it. In the 1990's, Clinton promised to "end welfare as we know it." Even as jobs disappear, more stringent requirements for working and finding a job are foisted upon the poor. As the percentage of "minorities" in America increases to become the majority (a contradiction, I know), it becomes easier to attribute the lack of jobs on people just "not wanting to work" to conservative suburban whites who still have jobs, even as their numbers shrink. Consider:
Nearly all the states with the highest percentage of minimum wage workers — full-time jobholders making $290 a week, before taxes — are in the South. These are also the same states that refuse to expand Medicaid to allow the working poor to get health care. And it’s in the same cradle of the old Confederacy where discriminatory bills are rising. Don’t blame the cities; from Birmingham to Charlotte, people are trying to open doors to higher wages and tolerance of gays, only to be rebuffed at the state level.
A Mason-Dixon Line of Progress (New York Times)
Hundreds of thousands of people could soon lose food stamps as states reimpose time limits and work requirements that were suspended in recent years because of high unemployment, state officials and advocates for the poor said Friday.
Hundreds of thousands could lose food stamps as states restore limits (Miami Herald)
Alabama Republicans say they want a new bill to drastically limit state welfare programs so that recipients will get jobs — but the bill eliminates the most common means of transportation to and from work...The bill, created by Republican Sen. Arthur Orr, cuts the time frame for assistance from five years to three. It also creates a new layer of bureaucracy for poor people seeking help, including the requirement that they sign a contract vowing to adhere to the program’s rules. It also disqualifies people from getting food stamps or financial assistance for families with children if the recipients own cars, according to the Montgomery Advertiser.
Alabama Republican wants to stop people on food stamps from owning cars — but expects them to get jobs (Raw Story)

The End of Welfare as We Know It (The Atlantic)

Automation has already made a huge portion of the workforce irrelevant. We just pretend that it didn't happen. And the jobs intended to replace them, the ones "we couldn't even imagine" turned out not to exist (so no surprise we couldn't imagine them, then). This has been going on since the 1960's, we just dumped it one specific group of people until very recently, people that we could treat as nonhumans thanks to our attitudes about race. Now it coming for all of us outside of a tiny slice of hereditary wealthy and well-connected elites. As Jeremy Rifkin writes:
Not surprisingly, the first community to be devastated by the cybernetic revolution was black America. With the introduction of automated machines, it was possible to substitute less costly, inanimate forms of labor for millions of African-Americans who had long toiled at the bottom of the economic pyramid, first as plantation slaves, then as sharecroppers, and finally as unskilled labor in northern factories and foundries.
For the first time in American history, the African American was no longer needed in the economic system. Sidney Willhelm summed up the historical significance of what had taken place in his book Who Needs the Negro? "With the onset of automation the Negro moves out of his historical state of oppression into one of uselessness. Increasingly, he is not so much economically exploited as he is irrelevant...The dominant whites no longer need to exploit the black minority: as automation proceeds, it will be easier for the former to disregard the latter. In short, White America, by a more prefect application of mechanization and a vigorous reliance upon automation, disposes of the Negro; consequently, the Negro transforms from an exploited labor force into an outcast."
Now we're seeing white people join that same outcast community. And we're seeing the exact same techniques used to write them (us) off as nonpersons.

Welcome to the future.

Next: The automation of the workforce has already occurred.